Implementation difficulties and solutions for a smart-clothes assisted home nursing care program for older adults with dementia or recovering from hip fracture.

BACKGROUND: Wearable devices have the advantage of always being with individuals, enabling easy detection of their movements. Smart clothing can provide feedback to family caregivers of older adults with disabilities who require in-home care. METHODS: This study describes the process of setting up a smart technology-assisted (STA) home-nursing care program, the difficulties encountered, and strategies applied to improve the program. The STA program utilized a smart-vest, designed specifically for older persons with dementia or recovering from hip-fracture surgery. The smart-vest facilitated nurses' and family caregivers' detection of a care receiver's movements via a remote-monitoring system. Movements included getting up at night, time spent in the bathroom, duration of daytime immobility, leaving the house, and daily activity. Twelve caregivers of older adults and their care receiver participated; care receivers included persons recovering from hip fracture (n = 5) and persons living with dementia (n = 7). Data about installation of the individual STA in-home systems, monitoring, and technical difficulties encountered were obtained from researchers' reports. Qualitative data about the caregivers' and care receivers' use of the system were obtained from homecare nurses' reports, which were explored with thematic analysis. RESULTS: Compiled reports from the research team identified three areas of difficulty with the system: incompatibility with the home environment, which caused extra hours of manpower and added to the cost of set-up and maintenance; interruptions in data transmissions, due to system malfunctions; and inaccuracies in data transmissions, due to sensors on the smart-vest. These difficulties contributed to frustration experienced by caregivers and care receivers. CONCLUSIONS: The difficulties encountered impeded implementation of the STA home nursing care. Each of these difficulties had their own unique problems and strategies to resolve them. Our findings can provide a reference for future implementation of similar smart-home systems, which could facilitate ease-of-use for family caregivers.

Nurses' professional discretion in the purchaser-provider split in home care in Norway.

AIM: To explore how nurses' professional discretion is operationalized in home care services that follow a purchaser-provider organization in Norway. DESIGN: A qualitative descriptive study. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions were used, and data were collected from in-depth interviews with 15 registered nurses working in home care in four Norwegian local authority areas between April and November 2020. Braun and Clark's six-step analysis was used to analyse the empirical data. RESULTS: The analysis yielded two main themes, namely 'The purchaser's instructions: facilitating and constraining care' and 'Professional discretion meets the purchaser-provider organisation of healthcare,' with five associated codes. CONCLUSION: Nurses are dependent on an organizational framework due to the complexity of health care services and the number of tasks involved. At the same time, they perform considerable compensatory work and need the ability to be flexible to enable this work and to perform actions related to the unforeseen needs of individual patients or those involving professional discretion. IMPACT: The purchaser-provider model both facilitates and constrains nursing practice and professional responsibility in home nursing. Home nursing services need to be well organized because of their complexity and the wide variety of tasks they involve. In this context, the element of constraint is associated with the need for flexibility and professional discretion. Despite a strict framework, the nurses perform additional and compensatory tasks. Reforms inspired by 'New Public Management,' such as the purchaser-provider split, limit the workload for nurses; however, there is still a need to exercise discretion. The findings of this study may help home care managers and health policy-makers understand the interaction between management logic and health care logic, leading to a more appropriate organization of health care services where the nurses, as actors, gain more trust. IMPLICATIONS: This study highlights home care nurses' opportunities to exercise discretion in an organizational framework that strives towards standardization. The nurses' ability to exercise discretion is important for individual and holistic patient care. At the same time, an organizational framework is needed because nurses cannot attend to all the needs the patients may have, as this will overload both home health services and the nurses.

Does informal care delay nursing home entry? Evidence from Dutch linked survey and administrative data.

We assess whether informal care receipt affects the probability of transitioning to a nursing home. Available evidence derives from the US, where nursing home stays are often temporary. Exploiting linked survey and administrative data from the Netherlands, we use the gender mix of children to retrieve exogenous variation in informal care receipt. We find that informal care increases the chance of an admission within a three-year period for individuals with severe functional limitations, and increases the costs incurred on formal home care. For individuals with mild limitations, informal care substantially decreases total care costs, whereas its effect on nursing home admission is unclear. Further, informal care results in lower post-acute care use and hospital care costs, and does not increase mortality. Promoting informal care cannot be expected to systematically result in lower institutionalization rate and care costs, but it may nonetheless induce health benefits for its recipients.

Producción científica europea sobre los cuidados de salud a domicilio indizada en la base de datos bibliográfica Scopus / European scientific production on home health care indexed in the Scopus bibliographic database

Objetivo: Analizar, mediante técnicas bibliomé-tricas, la producción científica europea sobre cuidados de salud a domicilio (HaD) indizada en la base de datos bibliográfica Scopus.Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Los datos se obtuvieron de la base de datos Sco-pus, interrogando con el término “Home Care”los campos de registro de título, resumen y pa-labras clave; fecha final de búsqueda septiem-bre 2023.Resultados: Se obtuvo un total de 90830 refe-rencias a nivel mundial, teniendo 27251 (30,0%) de ellas filiación europea. La relación anual del número de publicaciones mostró un modelo de regresión lineal directo (R2 = 0,6; p < 0,001). La tipología documental más frecuente fue el artículo original con 20225 (74,2%) referencias, siendo el índice de productividad de 4,3. El se-miperiodo de Burton-Kebler fue de 53,5 años, con máximo de 110 y mínimo de 0 años, con índice de Price (IP) del 4,6%. Se identificaron trabajos publicados en 32 distintos idiomas, siendo el inglés la lengua predominante en las publicaciones sobre HaD con 22391 (82,2%) trabajos.Conclusiones: Se observó un incremento progresivo, no exponencial, de la producción científica sobre HaD, siendo el artículo original la tipología documental principal, si bien la ob-solescencia mostró resultados superiores a lo esperado. Existió predominio del idioma inglés y de la filiación anglosajona. La temática publi-cada estuvo en consonancia con el área de las ciencias de la salud y el campo de HaD. (AU)

Objective: To analize by means of bibliometric technics the European scientific production on home health care (HaD) indexed in Scopus bib-liographical database.Method: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Data were obtained from Scopus database. The term “Home Care” was used to interrogate the fields of title, abstract and keywords. Search fi-nal date September 2023.Results: A total of 90830 references were ob-tained worldwide. 27251 (30%) of the referenc-es had European affiliation. The annual relation of the number of publications showed a direct linear regression model (R2 = 0,6; p < 0,001). The original article was the most frequent docu-mentary typology founded with 20225 (74.2%) references. The productivity index was 4.3 and the Burton-Kebler index was 53.5 years with a máximum of 110 and a mínimum of 0 years. The Price index was 4.6%. Articles published in 32 different languages were identified being Eng-lish the predominant language in publications on HaD with 22391 (82.2%) works.Conclusions: A progressive, non-exponential increase in scientific production on HaD was observed with the original article being the main documentary typology, although obsolescence showed results higher than expected. There was a predominance of the English language and Anglo-Saxon affiliation. Topics were in line with the area of health sciences and the field of HaD. (AU)

Principales aplicaciones de la ecografía clínica en cuidados paliativos / Main applications of clinical ultrasound in palliative care

Las personas con enfermedades oncológicas avanzadas padecen procesos clínicos intercurrentes y otras manifestaciones relacionadas con la propia progresión tumoral que generan un gran impacto en su calidad de vida. Los profesionales que trabajan en este campo necesitan incorporar nuevos conocimientos y herramientas de diagnóstico y tratamiento que faciliten el manejo de estas personas, de complejidad tan elevada, de la forma menos invasiva posible1. La ecografía clínica (EC) es una de esas herramientas cuyo desarrollo ha sido excepcional en las últimas décadas. Los avances tecnológicos han permitido disponer de equipos de bolsillo cada vez más sofisticados, asequibles económicamente y que pueden ser utilizados allí donde se encuentre la persona enferma como una extensión de la exploración física2. De esta manera el profesional puede dar respuesta a diferentes situaciones o entidades sindrómicas en las que la rentabilidad de la EC puede ser elevada. La pretensión es evitar, en la medida de lo posible, el traslado del paciente al hospital o a una ubicación intrahospitalaria, lo que redunda en su confort y calidad de vida, además de empoderar al profesional en la toma de decisiones clínicas. (AU)

People with advanced cancer suffer from intercurrent clinical conditions and other tumor progression-related manifestations that can have a great impact on their quality of life. Professionals working in this field need to incorporate new knowledge, as well as diagnostic and treatment tools to facilitate the management of these highly complex patients in the least invasive way possible1. Clinical ultrasound (CU) is one of those tools whose development has been exceptional in recent decades. Technological advances have made it possible to have increasingly sophisticated and affordable pocket equipments available, which can be used wherever the patient is as an extension of physical examination2. In this way, a professional can respond to different situations or syndromic conditions in which CU yield may be high. The aim is to avoid, whenever possible, the transfer of patients to in-hospital facilities, which can result in loss of both comfort and quality of life. In addition, an appropriate use of CU can empower the team charged with making clinical decisions. (AU)

Necesidades de atención domiciliaria en el paciente paliativo pediátrico percibidas por los profesionales: Una teoría fundamentada / Home care needs of paediatric palliative patients perceived by professionals: A grounded theory

Objetivo: Explorar los elementos que intervienen en el proceso de los cuidados paliativos pediátricos domiciliarios en el contexto de España según la opinión de los profesionales. Método: Estudio cualitativo sustentado en la Teoría Fundamentada, ajustado a normas COREQ, mediante muestreo teórico con entrevistas en profundidad (junio 2021 - febrero 2022) a pediatras, enfermeras pediátricas y trabajadores sociales de unidades de cuidados paliativos infantiles en España, excluyendo profesionales con experiencia inferior a 1 año. Las entrevistas han sido grabadas y transcritas literalmente para su codificación y categorización mediante un proceso comparativo constante a través de coocurrencias de códigos hasta la saturación de datos usando Atlas-Ti®. Se ha garantizado el anonimato de los informantes empleando pseudónimos tras la aprobación por el Comité de Ética de la Investigación del Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín (Las Palmas, Islas Canarias) con número de registro 2021-403-1. Resultados: Se realizaron 18 entrevistas que expusieron 990 citas agrupadas en 22 categorías de análisis y estructuradas en cuatro grupos temáticos (cuidados, entorno, paciente y familia y profesionales). Los hallazgos mostraron una visión holística que enfatiza la necesidad de organizar e integrar los factores que intervienen en el abordaje domiciliario a los cuidados paliativos domiciliarios en pediatría. Conclusiones: En nuestro contexto, el entorno domiciliario reúne unas condiciones apropiadas para desarrollar los cuidados paliativos pediátricos. Las categorías de análisis identificadas establecen un punto de partida para seguir profundizando en el abordaje desde las esferas temáticas implicadas: los cuidados, el entorno, el paciente y la familia y los profesionales.(AU)

Objective: To explore the elements involved in the process of paediatric palliative home care in the Spanish context according to the opinion of professionals. Method: Qualitative study based on Grounded Theory, adjusted to COREQ standards, using theoretical sampling with in-depth interviews (June 2021 - February 2022) with paediatricians, paediatric nurses and social workers from paediatric palliative care units in Spain, excluding professionals with less than 1 year's experience. Interviews were recorded and transcribed literally for coding and categorisation through a constant comparative process of code co-occurrence until data saturation using Atlas-Ti®. The anonymity of the informants has been guaranteed by using pseudonyms after approval by the Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín (Las Palmas, Canary Islands) with registration number 2021-403-1. Results: 18 interviews were conducted and 990 quotes were grouped into 22 categories of analysis and structured into four thematic groups (care, environment, patient and family, and professionals). The findings showed a holistic view emphasising the need to organise and integrate the factors involved in the home-based approach to paediatric palliative home care. Conclusions: In our context, the home environment meets appropriate conditions for the development of paediatric palliative care. The categories of analysis identified establish a starting point for further deepening the approach from the thematic areas involved: care, the environment, the patient and family, and professionals.(AU)

Teoria fundamentada sobre o tornar-se cuidador de um familiar em cuidado paliativo pela atenção domiciliar / Grounded theory about becoming a caregiver of a family member under palliative care at home

Introdução: O Cuidado Paliativo domiciliar, aliado ao trabalho multiprofissional e à presença de um cuidador familiar, possibilita a produção de autonomia e de alternativas criativas no cuidado. Objetivo: Compreender as condições relacionadas ao tornar-se cuidador familiar principal de um membro da família que recebe cuidados paliativos por serviço de Atenção Domiciliar. Metodologia: Pesquisa qualitativa, explicativa, utilizando a perspectiva metodológica de Strauss e Corbin da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. Realizamos entrevistas em profundidade com 18 participantes, sendo nove cuidadores familiares e nove profissionais de enfermagem de um Serviço de Atenção Domiciliar e as analisamos pelas codificações aberta, axial e seletiva. Posteriormente, apresentamos as categorias construídas em uma roda de conversa com 15 cuidadores familiares e nove profissionais para a validação teórica. Resultados: O processo de tornar-se cuidador familiar relaciona-se a três subcategorias analíticas: ''Assumindo o cuidado domiciliar do familiar dependente''; ''(Des) conhecendo a condição de saúde do familiar e o significado de cuidados paliativos''e ''Vivenciando os cuidados paliativos e lidando com a possibilidade de morte''. Destaca-se que os familiares tornaram-se cuidadores pela imperativa necessidade do cuidado de um parente. A compreensão sobre o significado de cuidado paliativo foi se instituindo pela vivência deste familiar e pelo lidar diário com a condição e possibilidades de morte, mediada pela equipe de Atenção Domiciliar, destacando-se os profissionais de enfermagem. Os profissionais atuantes no serviço mostraram dificuldades para abordarem o tema da morte e de cuidado paliativo com paciente e cuidador. Conclusão: Tornar-se cuidador familiar mostra-se um processo complexo, permeado por diversas interações entre pacientes, cuidadores familiares e profissionais da saúde. Identificou-se que as dificuldades nesse processo podem ser amenizadas por meio de estratégias adotadas pelos profissionais para ampliar a comunicação e o apoio frente às singularidades das famílias e, também, através da implementação de políticas públicas que favoreçam o cuidador.

Introducción: El cuidado paliativo en el hogar, aliado al trabajo multiprofesional y a la presencia de una persona familiar cuidadora, posibilita la obtención de autonomía y de alternativas creativas en el cuidado. Objetivo: Comprender las condiciones relacionadas al convertirse en la persona cuidadora principal de un miembro de la familia que recibe cuidados paliativos en el hogar. Método: Investigación cualitativa, utilizando la perspectiva metodológica de Strauss y Corbin de la teoría fundamentada en los datos. Se realizaron entrevistas exhaustivas a 18 participantes, 9 familiares cuidadores y 9 profesionales de enfermería de un Servicio de Atención en el Hogar. Estas entrevistas fueron analizadas por codificación abierta, axial y selectiva. Posteriormente, se presentan las categorías identificadas en una rueda de conversación con 15 familiares cuidadores y 9 profesionales para su validación teórica. Resultados: El proceso de convertirse en una persona cuidadora familiar está relacionado a tres subcategorías analíticas: ''Comprometiéndose con la asistencia en el hogar de la persona familiar dependiente.''; ''(Des) conociendo la condición de salud de la persona familiar y el significado de los cuidados paliativos''y ''Vivenciando los cuidados paliativos y lidiando con la posibilidad de muerte''. Se destaca que familiares se convierten en cuidadores por la imperativa necesidad de cuidados de un pariente. La comprensión del significado de los cuidados paliativos fue instituida por la experiencia de esta persona integrante de la familia y por el tratamiento diario de la condición y posibilidades de muerte, mediada por el equipo de asistencia en el hogar, especialmente las personas profesionales de enfermería. Las personas profesionales de enfermería que actúan en el servicio mostraron dificultades para abordar el tema de la muerte y los cuidados paliativos con pacientes y cuidador. Conclusión: Convertirse en persona cuidadora familiar es un proceso complejo, permeado por diferentes interacciones entre pacientes, cuidadores familiares y profesionales de la salud. Se identificó que las dificultades en ese proceso pueden ser paliadas a través de estrategias adoptadas por las personas profesionales para ampliar la comunicación y el apoyo frente a las singularidades de las familias y, también, a través de la implementación de políticas públicas que favorezcan a quien realiza el cuidado.

Introduction: Palliative care at home, combined with multiprofessional work and the presence of a family caregiver, enables the achievement of autonomy and creative alternatives in caregiving. Objective: To understand the conditions related to becoming the main caregiver of a family member receiving palliative care at home. Method: Qualitative research, using Strauss and Corbin's methodological perspective of Grounded Data Theory. In-depth interviews were conducted, with 18 participants: nine family caregivers and nine nursing professionals from a Home Care Service, and were analyzed them by open, axial and selective coding. Subsequently, the categories identified in a conversation with fifteen family caregivers and nine professionals are presented for theoretical validation. Results: The process of becoming a family caregiver is related to three analytical subcategories: "Engaging in the home care of the dependent family member"; " (Un) knowing the health condition of the family member and the meaning of palliative care," and "Experiencing palliative care and coping with the possibility of death". It is emphasized that family members became caregivers due to the imperative need for care of a relative. The understanding of the meaning of palliative care was instituted by the experience of this family member, by the daily treatment of the condition, and the possibilities of death, mediated by the Home Care team, especially the nursing professionals. The professionals working in the service showed difficulties in addressing the theme of death and palliative care with patients and caregivers. Conclusion: Becoming a family caregiver is a complex process, permeated by different interactions between patients, family caregivers and health professionals. It was identified that the difficulties in this process can be mitigated through strategies adopted by professionals to expand the communication and the support for the specific needs of families and, also, through the implementation of public policies that favor the caregiver.

Experiences and challenges of the use Subacute and Acute Dysfunction in the Elderly-SAFE Work team coordinators experiences and challenges in the introduction and use of SAFE of in home-based nursing: A qualitative study from the Norwegian context.

Old age is the leading cause of impaired bodily function, which gradually increases healthcare service needs. To offer the best possible care in the home and to be able to detect health-related functional impairment at an early stage, it is necessary to carry out systematic and structured observations. The assessment tool Subacute and Acute Dysfunction in the Elderly (SAFE) has been developed explicitly for these structured observations. This study aims to explore the experiences and challenges of home-based care work team coordinators (WTCs) regarding the introduction and use of SAFE. METHOD: The present qualitative study was performed following Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines. The data were collected through individual interviews (n = 3) and focus group (FG) interviews (n = 7). The interview transcripts were analysed using the Gioia method. RESULTS: Five aggregated dimensions were identified: Varying acceptance of SAFE, Structuring and quality-assurance of home-based nursing practice, Obstacles for the integration of SAFE in daily practice, Acceptance and use of SAFE require continuous supervision and SAFE contributes to increased quality of nursing care. CONCLUSION: The introduction of SAFE contributes to a structured follow-up of functional status in patients receiving home care. In order to incorporate the tool into home care practice, it is essential to set aside time to introduce the tool and to support nurses' use of it by offering continuous supervision.

Conocimientos de los cuidadores informales acerca de la prevención de lesiones por presión en pacientes domiciliarios dependientes de Tunja, Colombia. Estudio transversal con fase psicométrica / Informal caregivers' knowledge about the prevention of pressure injuries in dependent homebound patients. Cross-sectional study with a psychometric phase / Conhecimento de cuidadores informais sobre a prevenção de lesões por pressão em pacientes dependentes domiciliares em Tunja, Colômbia. Estudo transversal com fase psicométrica

Introducción: Las lesiones de piel asociadas a la dependencia de cuidado, afectan la calidad de vida de los pacientes y tienen repercusiones negativas en los cuidadores informales. Objetivo: Determinar los conocimientos de los cuidadores informales acerca de la prevención de lesiones por presión en pacientes domiciliarios dependientes de Tunja, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal y con fase psicométrica. La validación facial por juicio de expertos del COCU-LCRD 23 valoró la coherencia, relevancia y pertinencia de cada ítem. La aplicación del instrumento se hizo en muestra censal domiciliaria, tras la cual se calculó su confiabilidad. Resultados: La validación facial obtuvo concordancia moderada requiriendo mejoras en redacción de los ítems Kappa de Fleiss: 0,4582 (p=0,000). De los 30 cuidadores, la mayoría eran mujeres (83,3%) con edad promedio de 40 años (DS ±13,39), el 43,3% tienen un índice de conocimiento de 83,33, que incluye aspectos como hidratación, cambios de posición, entre otros. La versión ajustada del cuestionario obtuvo un alfa de Cronbach de 0,6322. Conclusiones: Los cuidadores informales presentan grados de escolaridad bajos, además de desconocimiento y poca experiencia en campo del cuidado preventivo en personas dependiente con riesgo de úlceras por presión.

Introduction: Skin lesions associated with home care affect patient quality of life and have negative effects on informal caregivers. Objective: To determine informal caregivers' knowledge regarding the prevention of pressure injuries in dependent homebound patients in Tunja, Colombia. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study with a psychometric phase. Experts from the COCU-LCRD 23 performed facial validation, which assessed coherence, relevance, and pertinence of each item. The application of the instrument was carried out on population samples based on household census, after which its reliability was calculated. Results: Facial validation showed moderate concordance, requiring improvements in the wording of the Kappa de Fleiss items: 0.4582 (p=0.000). Most of caregivers were women (83.3%), with an average age of 40 years (SD±13.39) and 43.3% of them have a knowledge index of 83.33, which includes aspects such as hydration, position changes, among others. The adjusted version of the questionnaire reached a Cronbach's alpha of 0.6322. Conclusions: Informal caregivers have low education levels. Also, they are not knowledgeable and have limited experience regarding preventive care of dependent people at risk of pressure ulcers.

Introdução: As lesões de pele associadas à dependência de cuidados afetam a qualidade de vida dos pacientes e repercutem negativamente nos cuidadores informais. Objetivo: Determinar o conhecimento dos cuidadores informais sobre a prevenção de lesões por pressão em pacientes dependentes domiciliares em Tunja, Colômbia. Materiais e métodos: Estudo transversal descritivo com fase psicométrica. A validação facial por julgamento de especialistas do COCU-LCRD 23 avaliou a coerência, relevância e pertinência de cada item. O instrumento foi aplicado a uma amostra de censo domiciliar, após o que foi calculada sua confiabilidade. Resultados: A validação facial obteve concordância moderada, necessitando de melhorias na redação dos itens - Kappa de Fleiss: 0,4582 (p=0,000). Dos 30 cuidadores, a maioria eram mulheres (83,3%) com média de idade de 40 anos (DS±13,39), 43,3% possuem índice de conhecimento de 83,33, que inclui aspectos como hidratação, mudanças de decúbito, entre outros. A versão ajustada do questionário obteve alfa de Cronbach de 0,6322. Conclusões: Os cuidadores informais apresentam baixa escolaridade, além de desconhecimento e pouca experiência na área de cuidados preventivos em pessoas dependentes com risco de úlcera por pressão.

Early warning scores and trigger recommendations must be used with care in older home nursing care patients: Results from an observational study.

AIMS: To explore modified early warning scores (MEWSs) and deviating vital signs among older home nursing care patients to determine whether the MEWS trigger recommendations were adhered to in cases of where registered nurses (RNs) suspected acute functional decline. DESIGN: Prospective observational study with a descriptive, explorative design. METHODS: Participants were included from April 2018 to February 2019. Demographic, health-related and clinical data were collected over a 3-month period. RESULTS: In all, 135 older patients participated. Median MEWS (n = 444) was 1 (interquartile range (IQR) 1-2). Frequently deviating vital signs were respiratory (88.8%) and heart rate (15.3%). Median habitual MEWS (n = 51) was 1 (IQR 0-1). Deviating vital signs were respiratory (72.5%) and heart rate (19.6%). A significant difference between habitual MEWS and MEWS recorded in cases of suspected functional decline was found (p = 0.002). MEWS' trigger recommendations were adhered to in 68.9% of all MEWS measurements.

Trends in the use of home care services among Norwegians 70+ and projections towards 2050: The HUNT study 1995-2017.

BACKGROUND: Life expectancy (LE) is increasing worldwide, while there is lack of information on how this affects older individuals' use of formal home care services. AIM: We aimed to decompose LE into years with and without home care services and estimate projected number of users towards 2050 in Norway for people 70 years or older. METHODS: This study is based on a sample of 25,536 participants aged 70 years and older in the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) survey 2 (1995-1997), 3 (2006-2008), or 4 (2017-2019) linked with national data on mortality. Prevalence of home care services was standardised to the Norwegian population by age and sex. The Sullivan method was used to estimate expected years with and without home help services and nursing services for the years 1995, 2006 and 2016. Data from HUNT4 and Statistics Norway were used to estimate projected use of these services between 2020 and 2050. RESULTS: During 1995-2017, the use of home help services decreased from 22.6% to 6.2% (p < 0.001), and from 6.4% to 5.5% (p = 0.004) for home nursing services. Adjusted for age and sex, the use of home help services decreased significantly over time (p < 0.001), while home nursing services were stable (p = 0.69). LE at age 70 increased from 11.9 to 15.3 years in men (p < 0.05) during 1995-2017, and from 14.7 to 17.1 in women (p < 0.05). In the same period, the expected years receiving home help decreased from 2.6 to 1.1 in men (p < 0.05), and from 4.4 to 2.1 in women (p < 0.05). The expected years receiving home nursing increased from 0.6 to 0.9 in men (p < 0.05), and from 1.3 to 1.7 in women (p < 0.05). Projected numbers of people 70+ in Norway in need of either of these services were estimated to rise from 64,000 in 2020 to 160,000 in 2050. CONCLUSION: While overall life expectancy increased, the expected years receiving home help have decreased and home nursing slightly increased among the Norwegian population aged 70 years and older during 1995-2017. However, the substantial increase in the projected number of older adults using home care services in the future is an alert for the current health care planners.

Fracture liaison services combined with online home nursing care in fragility hip fracture: a comparative effectiveness pilot study.

Fracture liaison service (FLS) is a management system for osteoporotic fractures, its difficulty lies in long-term management. Through this pilot single-center study, we found that FLS combined with an internet-based follow-up service (online home nursing care) can economically and conveniently monitor patients, reduce falls and refractures, and improve care and medication adherence. INTRODUCTION: Among potential e-health platforms, mobile internet encompasses the largest user group of mobile instant messaging software in Asia and offers strong interaction, low cost, and fast speed. The online home nursing care model prevents unnecessary hospital admissions and readmissions. This study aims to explore the effects of a fracture liaison service (FLS) model combined with online home nursing care on patients with fragility hip fracture. METHODS: Patients discharged after November 2020 received FLS care combined with online home nursing care. Patients discharged from May 2020 to November 2020 received only routine discharge guidance and were classified as the control group. The Parker Mobility Score (PMS), Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short-form health survey (MOS SF-36), general medication adherence scale (GMAS), complication rate, and fall/refracture rates were used to evaluate the efficacy of the FLS combined with online home nursing care during the 52-week follow-up period. RESULTS: Eighty-nine patients with complete follow-up information were included in the analysis at the 52-week follow-up. The FLS combined with online home nursing care was associated with improved osteoporosis patient care, including increased medication adherence (64.58% in the control group and 90.24% in the observation group), improved mental quality of life, reduced fall/refracture rate (12.5% and 4.88%, respectively), and reduced rates of bedsores and joint stiffness; however, there was no effect on functional recovery within 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend the combination of FLS with online home nursing care, considering the local environment, to economically and conveniently monitor patients, reduce falls and refractures, and improve care and medication adherence.

Evaluation of the functioning of long-term at-home nursing care in Poland from the perspective of care providers: Mixed methods study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyse and evaluate the functioning of long-term at-home nursing care (LTHNC) based on the opinions of its service providers. BACKGROUND: Long-term at-home nursing care is a form of care for patients who do not need hospital treatment but need systematic nursing care because of their health problems. LTHNC in Poland involves guaranteed care services financed from universal health insurance contributions pursuant to contracts with the National Health Fund (NHF); the program has existed since 2004. DESIGN: A sequential-explanatory mixed-method design was used. The study was carried out using both quantitative and qualitative research methods. METHODS: A questionnaire was distributed amongst 1119 care providers (the response rate was 38.2%). The qualitative research comprised semi-structured interviews with ten care providers, namely three nurses managing LTHNC facilities and seven nurses directly providing services as part of LTHNC. The STROBE checklist was used in reporting this study. RESULTS: We found that the main reasons for contracting LTHNC services were the increasing demand for this form of care, financial motives and an opportunity to introduce new organisational solutions. Our study shows that LTHNC is beneficial not only for the patients, but also for the nurses who provide the care. On the one hand, LTHNC provides positive results for patients and their caregivers (family members), and on the other hand, it affords a sense of satisfaction to the nurses and contributes to the development of their professional independence. CONCLUSIONS: According to care providers, improving accessibility through increasing the number of contracted services as well as raising the pay for 1 day of care per patient may improve the functioning of LTHNC. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The results of our study are a source of information for those who organise health care and administer resources on how to improve the functioning of LTHNC.

Terapia con cánula nasal de alto flujo en pacientes pediátricos en domicilio / High flow nasal cannula therapy in pediatric patients at home

Se realiza comentario de estudio de Israel en el cual analizan 75 pacientes pediátricos que utilizaron cánula nasal de alto flujo (CNAF) en domicilio, evaluando la seguridad, las indicaciones, los parámetros de utilización, la duración del tratamiento, los resultados clínicos y la satisfacción de los padres. Se acompaña de una revisión de la literatura del tema.

A comment is made on a study conducted in Israel analyzing 75 pediatric patients who used high-flow nasal cannula at home, evaluating safety, indications, utilization parameters, treatment duration, clinical outcomes, and parental satisfaction. It is accompanied by a literature review on the topic.

Invenções tecnológicas de cuidadores familiares na perspectiva de profissionais da atenção domiciliar / Invenciones tecnológicas de los cuidadores familiares desde la perspectiva de los profesionales del cuidado domiciliario / Technological inventions of family caregivers from the perspective of home care professionals

Resumo Objetivo descrever as invenções tecnológicas desenvolvidas por cuidadores familiares na perspectiva de profissionais da atenção domiciliar, discutindo-as a luz das necessidades de cuidado no domicílio. Método pesquisa qualitativa, multicêntrica, apoiada no modelo teórico das Necessidades Humanas Básicas, de Wanda Horta. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de entrevistas com 52 profissionais de equipes de Atenção Domiciliar de quatro municípios de Minas Gerais, submetidas à Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados foram identificadas 27 invenções criadas por cuidadores com materiais/recursos existentes no domicílio. A maior parte das invenções foi motivada pelas necessidades psicobiológicas de movimentação, posicionamento, proteção e conforto, alimentação, eliminações fisiológicas, higiene e terapêutica medicamentosa. Outras invenções foram motivadas pelas necessidades psicossociais e psicoespirituais para melhorar a comunicação entre o cuidador e o familiar, proporcionar lazer, distração e conforto espiritual. Conclusões/Implicações para a prática os processos de invenção de cuidadores explicitam consciência reflexiva ao articularem, assistemática e intuitivamente, recursos e objetos existentes no domicílio, gerando estratégias ou produtos semelhantes a tecnologias existentes. Estas invenções podem ser avaliadas, estimuladas, orientadas ou refutadas pelos profissionais de saúde cotidianamente envolvidos no cuidado domiciliar.

Resumen Objetivo describir las invenciones tecnológicas desarrolladas por los cuidadores familiares desde la perspectiva de los profesionales de la atención domiciliaria, discutiéndolas a la luz de las necesidades de atención en el hogar. Método investigación cualitativa, sustentada en el modelo teórico de las Necesidades Humanas Básicas. Los datos fueron obtenidos a partir de entrevistas con 52 profesionales de equipos de Atención Domiciliaria de cuatro municipios de Minas Gerais, sometidos al Análisis de Contenido. Resultados se identificaron 27 inventos creados por cuidadores con materiales disponibles en casa. La mayoría de los inventos fueron motivados por las necesidades psicobiológicas de movimiento, posicionamiento, protección y comodidad, alimentación, eliminaciones, higiene y farmacoterapia. Otros inventos fueron motivados por las necesidades psicosociales y psicoespirituales de mejorar la comunicación entre el cuidador y el familiar, proporcionando entretenimiento, distracción y consuelo espiritual. Conclusiones/Implicaciones para la práctica las invenciones de los cuidadores muestran una conciencia reflexiva al articular, de manera asistemática e intuitiva, los recursos y objetos existentes en el hogar, generando estrategias o productos similares a las tecnologías existentes. Estas invenciones pueden ser evaluadas, estimuladas, guiadas o refutadas por profesionales de la salud.

Abstract Objective To describe the technological inventions developed by family caregivers from the perspective of home care professionals, discussing them in the light of the care needs at home. Method qualitative, multicenter research, supported by the theoretical model of the Basic Human Needs of Wanda Horta. The data were obtained from interviews with 52 professionals from Home Care teams in four municipalities of Minas Gerais, which were submitted to Content Analysis. Results were identified 27 inventions created by caregivers with materials/resources existing at home. Most of the inventions were motivated by the psychobiological needs of movement, positioning, protection and comfort, feeding, physiological eliminations, hygiene and drug therapy. Other inventions were motivated by psychosocial and psychospiritual needs to improve communication between caregiver and family member, provide leisure, distraction, and spiritual comfort. Conclusions/Implications for practice the processes of invention of caregivers show reflective awareness by articulating, unsystematically and intuitively, existing resources and objects at home, generating strategies or products similar to existing technologies. These inventions can be evaluated, stimulated, guided or refuted by health professionals involved in home care on a daily basis.

Fatores associados à terapia nutricional domiciliar em pacientes sob cuidados paliativos / Factors associated with home nutritional therapy in patients under palliative care

ntrodução: A desnutrição é uma das condições frequentemente observadas em pacientes sob cuidados paliativos, afetando a via de alimentação e impactando na diminuição da ingestão alimentar. O atendimento nutricional permite a identificação das alterações nutricionais, direcionando para terapia nutricional adequada. Objetivo: Analisar a terapia nutricional domiciliar e identificar o estado nutricional em pacientes sob cuidados paliativos no domicílio. Método: Estudo prospectivo, observacional com pacientes do Programa Melhor em Casa, em Guarapuava-PR. Foram avaliados por meio de anamnese, que compreendia diagnóstico clínico, exame físico, caracterização e intercorrências da dieta, SARC-F e avaliação antropométrica. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 24 pacientes, com média de idade 70,2+15,0 anos. Os principais diagnóstico clínicos foram: 45,83% câncer e 45,83% doença neurológica. O baixo peso e a classificação sugestiva de sarcopenia predominaram nos avaliados, sendo 54,17% e 87,5%, respectivamente. A via de acesso para alimentação prevalente foi a oral (45,8%), seguida de 41,7% para sonda nasoenteral; a fórmula mais utiliza foi a hiperproteica. A maioria apresentou sinal da asa quebrada (70,8%), perda da bola de Bichat (66,7%) e perda de massa nos membros superiores e inferiores. O diagnóstico nutricional padronizado mais frequente foi NC-3.2 (perda de peso não intencional), seguido de 41,7% com NI-1.2 (ingestão de energia subótima). Conclusão: Observou-se que a maioria dos pacientes eram idosos, acamados, com doença neurológica e câncer. Em relação ao estado nutricional, a maioria apresentou baixo peso e sinais de desnutrição. O atendimento nutricional com pacientes em cuidados paliativos se faz necessário, pois são pacientes com risco nutricional.

Introduction: Malnutrition is one of the most common conditions seen in palliative care patients, which can affect the feeding route and decrease food intake. Nutritional counseling allows the detection of dietary changes, and referral to appropriate nutritional therapy. Aim: The purpose of this study was to analyze home nutritional therapy, and identify nutrient-related diagnoses in home palliative care patients. Materials and methods: It's a prospective, observational study involving patients assisted by the "Better at Home Program", in Guarapuava - PR. Anamnesis was carried out to assess the patients, which included clinical diagnosis, physical examination, diet characterization and complications, SARC-F, and anthropometric assessment. Results: The study included 24 patients, with an average age of 70,2+15,0. The most frequent clinical diagnoses were cancer (45.83 percent) and neurological disease (45.83 percent). Low weight and a classification indicative of sarcopenia predominated among the patients, accounting for 54.17% and 87.55%, respectively. The most common feeding route was oral (45.8%), followed by nasoenteral feeding l (41.7%). The most commonly used formula was the hyperproteic. The majority of patients had sunken temples (70.8%), loss of Bichat's fat pad (66.7%), and loss of muscle mass in the upper and lower limbs. The most frequent standardized nutrition diagnosis was NC-3.2 (unintentional weight loss), followed by 41.7% NI-1.2 (suboptimal energy intake). Conclusion: Most patients were elderly, bedridden, and had neurologic disease or cancer. Regarding the nutritional status, the majority were underweight and exhibited signs of malnutrition. Palliative care patients require nutritional therapy since they are at risk of malnutrition

Experiências de enfrentamento da COVID-19 em Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos / Experiences coping of COVID-19 in Long-Term Institutions for the Elderly

Introdução: as Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI) sofreram com a mortalidade e as altas taxas de infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2. Objetivo: descrever as experiências e as estratégias adotadas por profissionais de ILPI, no enfrentamento à COVID-19 nos primeiros meses de pandemia. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo de caso qualitativo, realizado em três ILPI de Minas Gerias, Brasil. A coleta de dados foi realizada através da técnica de grupo focal, no mês de setembro de 2020, com a participação de catorze profissionais. Os resultados foram submetidos à Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: dentre as experiências de enfrentamento, estão as mudanças nas práticas de biossegurança, como a utilização de equipamentos de proteção individual e testagem de profissionais e idosos. Foi adotado um plano de contingência com protocolos específicos. Ressalta-se também alterações na rotina de higienização das instituições. Ainda evidenciou solidão, medo, insegurança, o que resultou na implementação de estratégias como visitas virtuais, arteterapia, oficinas de músicas, desenho e jogos, na tentativa de reduzir a ansiedade. Conclusões: sugere-se que medidas de biossegurança e protocolos possam ter contribuído para o sucesso no combate à COVID-19 nesses ambientes. A melhoria no processo de trabalho dos profissionais e acolhimento às necessidades psicossociais dos idosos foram fundamentais (AU)

Introduction: the Long-Term Care Institutions for the Elderly (LTCIE) suffered with mortality and high infection rates, by SARS-CoV-2. Objective: to describe the experiences and strategies adopted by LTCIE professionals in coping with COVID-19 in the first months of the pandemic. Methods: this is a qualitative case study, conducted in three LTCIE in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data collection was performed using the focus group technique, in September 2020, with the participation of fourteen professionals. The results were submitted to Content Analysis. Results:experiences are changes in biosafety practices, such as the use of personal protective equipment and testing of professionals and the elderly. A contingency plan with specific protocols was adopted. Changes in the routine of hygiene of the institutions are also highlighted. It also showed loneliness, fear, insecurity, which resulted in the implementation of strategies such as virtual visits, art therapy, music workshops, drawing and games in an attempt to reduce anxiety. Conclusions: it is suggested that biosecurity measures and protocols may have contributed to the success in combating COVID-19 in these environments. The improvement in the work process of professionals and reception to the psychosocial needs of the elderly were fundamental (AU)

O processo de adaptação do paciente para realização da diálise peritoneal no domicílio / El proceso de adaptación del paciente para la realización de la diálisis peritoneal en el domicilio / The process of patient adaptation to perform peritoneal dialysis at home

Objetivos: identificar as estratégias de adaptação no domicílio, utilizadas pelos pacientes para início do tratamento da diálise peritoneal; descrever as principais facilidades e dificuldades encontradas pelos pacientes na realização da diálise peritoneal no domicílio; identificar o entendimento e a aceitação do paciente sobre o método de diálise peritoneal. Método: estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, organizadas e analisadas conforme a técnica de análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: da análise das unidades de significação emergiram três categorias temáticas, sendo elas representações da DP; vivências e sentimentos frente à doença e na escolha do método; (re) conhecendo aspectos facilitadores e dificultadores diante a diálise peritoneal em casa; identificando as estratégias para adequação do cotidiano à diálise peritoneal. Conclusão: após o reconhecimento da necessidade da utilização da diálise peritoneal para manutenção da vida, o paciente desenvolve uma série de adaptações para viabilizar o tratamento diário em domicílio.

Objetivos: identificar las estrategias de adaptación en el domicilio, utilizadas por los pacientes para iniciar el tratamiento de la diálisis peritoneal; describir las principales facilidades y dificultades encontradas por los pacientes en la realización de la diálisis peritoneal en el domicilio; identificar la comprensión y aceptación del paciente sobre el método de diálisis peritoneal. Método: estudio descriptivo, con enfoque cualitativo. Los datos fueron recogidos a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas, organizadas y analizadas conforme a la técnica de análisis de contenido de Bardin. Resultados: del análisis de las unidades de significación emergieron tres categorías temáticas, siendo ellas representaciones de la DP; vivencias y sentimientos frente a la enfermedad y en la elección del método; (re) conociendo aspectos facilitadores y dificultadores ante la diálisis peritoneal en casa; identificando las estrategias para adecuación del cotidiano a la diálisis peritoneal. Conclusión: tras el reconocimiento de la necesidad de la utilización de la diálisis peritoneal para el mantenimiento de la vida, el paciente desarrolla una serie de adaptaciones para viabilizar el tratamiento diario en domicilio.

Objectives: to identify the strategies of adaptation at home, used by patients to begin treatment of peritoneal dialysis; to describe the main facilities and difficulties encountered by patients in performing peritoneal dialysis at home; to identify the patient's understanding and acceptance of the peritoneal dialysis method. Method: descriptive study with qualitative approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, organized and analyzed according to Bardin's content analysis technique. Results: three thematic categories emerged from the analysis of the units of meaning, which were representations of PD; experiences and feelings regarding the disease and the choice of method; (re)knowing aspects that facilitate and hinder peritoneal dialysis at home; strategies for the adaptation of daily life to peritoneal dialysis. Conclusion: after recognizing the need to use peritoneal dialysis for life maintenance, the patient develops a series of adaptations to enable daily treatment at home.

Intervenções de enfermagem de ajuda na sobrecarga do cuidador informal que cuida da pessoa idosa no domicílio / Nursing interventions to help with the burden of the informal caregiver who takes care of the elderly person at home

Devido ao envelhecimento populacional muitas famílias experienciam ao longo do seu ciclo vital a situação de doença sendo confrontados com um novo papel: ser cuidador. A manutenção da pessoa idosa que necessita de cuidados no domicílio é cada vez mais uma estratégia fundamental que permite a promoção da autonomia e da dignidade dos idosos, no entanto a prestação destes cuidados pode ser extremamente desgastante e, normalmente, acarreta um aumento da sobrecarga por parte de quem os presta. O reconhecimento da importância social dos cuidadores informais faz-se acompanhar de uma atenção aos seus problemas e da procura de respostas para as suas necessidades, na lógica que é preciso "cuidar de quem cuida". Entende-se que são importantes as ações que visem minimizar o impacto da situação de cuidar do familiar idoso, amenizar a intensidade e a diversidade de sentimentos que surgem durante o desempenho deste complexo papel. Neste campo, os enfermeiros especialistas têm um papel fundamental no diagnóstico das diversas necessidades identificadas junto dos cuidados informais, isto é, das principais dificuldades, do nível de conhecimento assim como da sobrecarga. Com isto é possível a definição de estratégias e implementação de intervenções capazes de ajudar no bem-estar dos cuidadores informais e desta forma fomentar uma maior segurança nos cuidados prestados por estes à pessoa idosa no domicílio. Desta forma, o presente relatório apresenta, de forma crítica, reflexiva e introspetiva, o percurso de aquisição e desenvolvimento de competências de enfermeira especialista em Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica, conduzidos por objetivos e atividades delineadas com esse propósito. Destacam-se as intervenções realizadas junto aos cuidadores, intervenções essas individuais, dado que os cuidadores são um grupo heterogéneo com diferentes necessidades, expectativas e características. A aquisição de competências de enfermeiro especialista em Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica visa o desenvolvimento de conhecimentos e competências específicas, que devem ser mobilizados para a prática, permitindo o desenvolvimento de novos e atualizados comportamentos e habilidades para a prática de Enfermagem.

Due to population aging, many families experience illness throughout their life, being faced with a new role: being a caregiver. The maintenance of the elderly who need care at home is increasingly a fundamental strategy that allows the advancement of autonomy and dignity of the elderly, however, the provision of this care can be extremely exhausting and, normally, it entails an increase in the burden on the part of those who exercise them. Recognition of the social importance of informal caregivers is accompanied by attention to their problems and the search for answers to their needs, in the logic that it is necessary to "help those who help". It is understood that actions aimed at minimizing the impact of the situation of caring for the elderly family member and softening the intensity and diversity of feelings that arise during the performance of this complex role are important. In this field, specialist nurses play a fundamental role in the diagnosis of the many needs identified with informal care, i.e. the main difficulties, knowledge level as well as overload. With this, it is possible to define strategies and implement interventions capable of helping informal caregivers in regards to their well-being and thus foster greater security in the care provided by these to the elderly person at home. In this way, this report makes it possible to demonstrate, in a critical, reflective, and introspective way, the path of acquisition and development of specialist nursing skills in Medical-Surgical Nursing, driven by objectives and activities designed for that purpose. This document describes individual interventions carried out with the caregivers, given that these caregivers are a heterogeneous group with different needs, expectations and characteristics. The acquisition of skills as a specialist nurse in Medical-Surgical Nursing aims to develop specific knowledge and skills, which must be mobilized for practice, allowing the development of new and updated behaviors and skills for nursing practice.